On April 29, 1974 A Relatively Unknown Freshman Member

On April 29, 1974 a relatively unknown freshman member of the House Judiciary Committee cemented her place in history when she gave a dynamic, honest and edifying speech regarding President Richard Nixon and the illegal and unethical activity surrounding what is now known as â€Å"Watergate†. That woman was Barbara Jordan. After the Watergate scandal broke wide open, the American people had their faith in politicians shaken to the core and trust was at an all-time low. How, then, could the people trust politicians to right the wrong that had been done? What words could be said that would show the people that something good could come from this scandal? Enter Barbara Jordan. A skilled attorney, Jordan became the first African American to be†¦show more content†¦People wanted to see the Constitution upheld and President Nixon be held accountable, they expected new policies that would require transparency and higher ethical standards from elected officials and, not surpr isingly, Barbara Jordan became a shining example of how American politicians can be successful in Washington without compromising the people’s trust. In June of 1972 a break-in at the Watergate Hotel would begin the unraveling of Nixon’s presidency. Burglars were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters and attempting to wiretap the phones. While it has never been proven that Nixon had prior knowledge of the break-in, his efforts at trying to cover it up, attempted bribes and efforts to impede an FBI investigation sealed his fate with the Judiciary Committee and, eventually, in the court of public opinion. Prior to the Watergate scandal, most of the country’s political dissention was directed at the Vietnam War. And even if people were divided on the issue of the war, at least they felt they weren’t being lied to about it. That all changed with Watergate. At the beginning of the Watergate trials, official polls would show that many people viewed the breach of trust as â€Å"business as usual† in Washington. But, by the end of the summer of 1973, the numbers would swing a way from Nixon’s favor and the American people would be left with a fractured confidence in him and his cohorts. The hearings lasted fromShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesShoot First? 362 12 Leadership 367 What Is Leadership? 368 Trait Theories 369 Behavioral Theories 370 Summary of Trait Theories and Behavioral Theories 372 Contingency Theories 372 The Fiedler Model 373 †¢ Other Contingency Theories 375 Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory 377 Charismatic Leadership and Transformational Leadership 379 Charismatic Leadership 379 †¢ Transformational Leadership 382 Authentic Leadership: Ethics and Trust 386 What Is Authentic Leadership? 386 †¢ Ethics and LeadershipRead MoreBrazil Culture17445 Words   |  70 Pages15 °45†²S 47 °57†²W Largest City Sao Paulo Offical Languages Portuguese Government Federal Republic President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Vice President Jose Alencar Gomes da Silva Independence From Portugal Declared September 7, 1822 Recognized August 29, 1825 Republic November 15, 1889 Area Total 8.514.877 km square (5th) 3.287.597 sq mile Water (%) 0,65 Population 2005 estimate 187.560.000 (5th) 2000 census 169.799.170 Density 22km sq. (182nd) 57/sq mi. Currency Real ( BRL) Time Zone (UTC-2Read MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 Pagesof Industrial Engineering and Statistics and the Arizona State University Foundation Professor of Engineering. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Polytechnic Institute, all in engineering. From 1969 to 1984 he was a faculty member of the School of Industrial Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology; from 1984 to 1988 he was at the University of Washington, where he held the John M. Fluke Distinguished Chair of Manufacturing Engineering, was Professor ofRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesstatistics education, and in 2003 she received the American Statistical Association’s Founder’s Award, recognizing her contributions to K–12 and undergraduate statistics education. She is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and an elected member of the International Statistics Institute. Roxy has recentl y completed ï ¬ ve years as the Chief Reader for the Advanced Placement Statistics Exam and currently chairs the American Statistical Association’s Joint Committee with the National Council of

A patient comes in with a hot inflamed toe, how does the...

Portfolio Task: Module 1 Effective study skills are the sole foundation of a sound education. Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school, considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout ones life. Study skills are fundamental to academic competence. Effective study skills are associated with positive outcomes across multiple academic content areas and for diverse learners. Study skills improve the competences associated with acquiring recording, organizing, remembering and using information. These skills also contribute to success in both employment and non - academic settings. Studying is often an individual activity†¦show more content†¦Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adults lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The inhale d oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale. The diaphragms job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs. The cardiovascular system is part of the larger circulatory system, which circulates fluids throughout the body. The circulatory system includes both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, and the lymphatic system moves lymph, which is a clear fluid that’s similar to the plasma in blood. Blood contains nutrients from the foods you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe. It alsoShow MoreRelatedSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pagesway in the body. Define Anatomy and physiology, and describe the various specialties within each discipline Anatomy – the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationship between body parts. Physiology – the study of how living organisms p0erform the vital functions. Microscopic Anatomy – study of structures that can not be seen by the naked eye. Cytology – analyzes the internal structure of individual cells. Histology – the study of tissues Gross Anatomy

Macbeth Appearance Vs Reality Essay Example For Students

Macbeth Appearance Vs Reality Essay In real life, we should not judge people solely on their appearances. There are many people who appear to be trustworthy but in reality, are not. Appearance versus reality is an important theme in William Shakespeares Macbeth. The theme focuses on characters who are deceived by what appears to be real, and on the tragic consequences that follow this error in judgment. These characters include, Duncan, who trusts Macbeth too much; Lady Macbeth, who tricks by the witches and herself; Macbeth trickes by other people in the play. King Duncan trusts Macbeth too much. Macbeth appears as a super hero and faithful to King Duncan. He fights against the traitor Macdonwald, and he helps the king to solve a great problem that is won the war. Duncan trusts Macbeth very much because of Macbeths heroic efforts and he gives Macbeth a title Thane of Cawdor. Actually Macbeth is not that faithful to the king, he has the ambition to be the king when he hears the prophecies from the three witches. After Macbeth back to his castle, he plans to kill Duncan with Lady Macbeth, but Duncan doesnt recognize this and goes to Macbeths castle to visit him. When he just gets in he says something very important:Duncan says, This castle hath a peasant seat; the air/ Nimbly and sweetly reconnends itself/ Unto our gentle senses.; (Act I, Scene 6, Lines 1-3)This quote shows that Duncan like Macbeth very much even he feels that Macbeths place is comfortable for him. Duncan never suspects the trustworthy of Macbeth and never does anything to g uard himself. Macbeth kills Duncan easily. Therefore Duncan has deceived by Macbeths appearance. Lady Macbeth tricks by the three witches. When Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth the prophecies from the three witches. Lady Macbeth thinks that it will be terrific for her to be a queen when Macbeth becomes the king. Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to kill king Duncan, and this action causes Macbeth to start his first crime. Lady Macbeth becomes sleeplessness, nervous and she kills herself. The witches appearance lets Lady Macbeth to her death ending. Lady Macbeth also tricks by the appearance of herself. In the beginning she thinks that she should persuade Macbeth to kill Duncan. When Lady Macbeth knows about the prophecies from the witches, She says:Come, you spiritsThat tend on mortal toughts! Unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-fullOf direst cuelty; make thick my blood, Stop up the access and passage to remorse,That no compunctious visitings of nationShake my fell purpose, nor keep peace betweenTheffect and it! Come to my womans breasts,And take my milk for gall, yo u murdering ministers, You wait on netures mischief! Come, thick night,And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, That my keen knife see not the wound it makes,Nor heaven peep through the balanket of the darkTo cry, Hold, hold!; (Act I, Scene 5, Line 37-53)In this quote she is saying that she should give out her weak, does whatever man does and become evil. She thinks that she is manful and strong, but actually she is not, she become sleeplessness and nervous. Therefore Lady Macbeth tricks by the three witches and herself. Macbeth has tricked by the appearances of other people. First Macbeth tricks by the appearance of the three witches. On their way back from the war against Macdonwald, they meet the three witches. The three witches greet Macbeth Thane of Glimis, as Thane of Cawdor, and as the future king of Scotland. The witches also tell them that Banquos next generation will become that king. When Macbeth meets Duncan, Duncan gives him the title Thane of Cawdor. The witches seem to appear to help Macbeth and tell him important prophecies. Macbeth begins to fall into the trap, because of the first prophecy he hears from the three witches has came true. After he goes back to his castle, he plans to kill Duncan with Lady Macbeth, and he kills Duncan. The witches second prophecy has also came true, Macbeth does not recognize that those witches are deceiving him. Macbeth does care about the third prophecies that Banquos next generation will be king very much, he worries that his kingdom will not stay lo ng, and replace by Banquos son. Macbeth orders the Murders to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Later in the play Macbeth meets the three witches, they tell him the three prophecies. One of the prophecies is be aware of Macduff. Since the witches prophecies have been helpful to Macbeth, he believes the witches, he kills Macduffs innocence family. This action of killing Macduffs family becomes his third major crime. Macbeth listens to the three withches who are appear to be helping him, and this judgment let him in to tragedy. People hate Macbeth because of his crimes, he becomes lonely, he becomes sleeplessness, and he dies, all these negative results are cause by his error in judgment to the witches. Macbeth also tricks by Lady Macbeth his wife. After Macbeth tells her the prophecies from the witches, Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to kill the king. Lady Macbeth appears like a good wife and tells Macbeth the true of what he should do. Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth and says that he should be more manful:That made you break this enterprise to me?When you durst do it, then you were a man;And, to be more than what you were, you wouldBe so much more the man. Nor time nor placeDid then adhere, and yet you would make both:They have made them selves, and that their fitness now Does unmake you. I have given suck, and knowHow tender tis to love the babe that mils me:I would, while it was smiling in my face,Have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums,And dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as youHave done to this.; (Act I, Scene 7, lines 48-59)In these lines Lady Macbeth shames Macbeths manhood by saying that everything is ready, they have the chance to kill the king, Macbeth should give out weakness like her and if Macbeth is a man he should kill the king. Lady Macbeth seems to telling him the right thing he should do and Macbeth listens to her, and does his major crime that is killing the king. .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 , .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .postImageUrl , .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 , .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845:hover , .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845:visited , .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845:active { border:0!important; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845:active , .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845 .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u428c025bb519b1f7c1cd1d968e3ac845:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Irony in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart Things EssayTherefore Macbeth judges people in their appearance and led him into a tragedy. According to the examples of the three characters in the play Macbeth who are deceived by the appearances of other characters, therefore the theme Appearance versus Reality is an important theme in the play. This theme focus on characters having error in judgment with the appearances of other characters, and deceived by other. This error of judgment let them in to tragedies. This theme is also very important to us and other people in our daily life, and I have known some of my relatives and friends who had also tricked by other people. Base on my knowledge from the examples of characters in the play, we should never judge people by their appearances, and I believe that time can clearly show the reality of people.

Slack’s Transformational Process Model Essay Example

Slack’s Transformational Process Model Essay The transformational process model, developed by Nigel Slack, is a framework for understanding how the inputs of a business (raw materials, finances, or man hours) become the outputs of the business. Output criteria such as tangibility, storability, transportability, customer contact, simultaneity and quality vary depending on the business’s main outputs. The implications of the transformational process model vary depending on whether the business is primarily a provider of goods or services. Examining the case of an automobile manufacturer and an advertising agency allows us to compare and contrast the implications of the Slack transformational process model for providers of goods and of services.The Slack transformational process model is also referred to as the input-output model. The input-output model relies on business being seen as an open system, with the following attributes: receiving inputs, converting inputs to outputs and then discharging the outputs into the envi ronment. Businesses are dependent on the environment, in particular the target market for their product. Businesses are also composed of sub-organizations, which undertake their own activities leading to conversion of inputs to outputs. Because businesses are social systems, it is possible to reorganise them into different shapes. However, the manner of organisation of a business makes a difference in the efficiency of a business’s production process. Problems can arise from other factors, as well. For example, a micro-organisation within the business can cause problems by working toward its own goals rather than keeping the goal of the overall business in mind.Slack’s model concentrates on the operations function of a business, tracing the evolution of the business’s product from inputs to output through a number of stages. There are three main outputs considered in Slack’s model: materials, information and customers. Inputs include people, materials, in formation, financing, and creativity.Many businesses have different organisations that focus on the transformation of inputs into one of these outputs. For example, a business’s manufacturing division may be responsible for materials; the technical writing division may be responsible for information regarding the materials; and the sales organization will be responsible for customers. Organizations have both micro-operations and macro-operations. Macro-operations are considered to be those operations directly involved with the production of a good or service, where micro-operations are activities that contribute to the macro-operation. For example, a sales department would be considered a macro-operation because it directly contributes to the transformation of a good or service, where a human resources department would be considered to be a micro-operation because it supports the macro-operations of the company.Businesses may focus on different types of transformed resources, as well. Some businesses offer pure goods, while some offer only services. Most business offerings are a combination of goods and services, with one aspect taking precedence over the other. Different aspects of goods and services include tangibility, storability, transportability, simultaneity, customer contact and quality. These aspects are expressed in different ways and differing amounts, depending on whether the firm’s offering is primarily a good or a service. Tangibility is a basic property of an output. Is it a physical product, or is it a relationship, a work of art or an application of specialised knowledge? A business with a primary product of a good will place high value on storability and transportability. A service business will value customer contact and simultaneity. All organizations will place a value on quality, whether the product is tangible or intangible; however, a tangible product will have an objective measure of quality, which may not be available fo r an intangible product.One example of a business that produces primarily goods is an automobile manufacturing business. The macro-organisations within an automobile manufacturing business include the manufacturing department, which produces materials (in this case, automobiles); the sales department, which produces customers; engineering and design, who provide specifications to which the production should be completed; and the technical writing department, which produces the owner’s manual and other documentation which is provided with the automobile. Microorganisations within the automobile manufacturer may include a customer support department, which supports the sales department’s efforts by helping to retain customers; a human resources department, which handles the acquisition of human resources; raw materials sourcing agents, who acquire the raw materials required for production; training staff, who prepare human resources for the work; company directors, who s et policy and steer the direction of production; financial and accounting staff; information technology staff; and investors, who provide financing money. These microorganisations support the macroorganisations within the business that perform the production work.An automobile manufacturer’s outputs are primarily tangible products: automobiles, with accompany owner’s manuals and sales support. The main inputs in an automobile manufacturing business include raw materials, people, information, finance, and creativity. Raw materials such as steel, plastic, leather and paint are required in order to create the automobile. People are required to run the machinery, perform handwork, create and test automobile designs and perform other manufacturing tests. Information is required in order for the automobile designs to work properly, as well as to focus creative efforts in order to gain the maximum amount of business it is possible to gain. Finance is required because automobi le manufacturing is an industry that is highly dependent on capital; large amounts of permanent infrastructure such as manufacturing plants, machinery and stocks of raw material, as well as a high amount of human labour which must be paid for, are required to operate efficiently. Creativity is required in order to create and market innovative automobile designs that capture the public’s attention; it is necessary for the automobile manufacturer to interact efficiently with its environment or market.The stages of transformation in the materials portion of an automobile manufacturer’s business are likely to include design and procurement, fabrication, assembly, test and distribution. At each of these stages, the initial inputs are used to create an intermediate output in preparation for the next stage. During the design and procurement stage, raw materials are required and some creativity and human resources are transformed into automobile designs and manufacturing proce sses. These designs and processes, as well as the raw materials, become the input for the next stage of manufacturing, that of fabrication. Parts and pieces of an automobile, such as engines, moulded side panels and steering wheels, are prepared for use in the next stage. Assembly takes the pieces fabricated in the previous stage and creates another output, in this case a completed or nearly complete automobile. The testing stage takes the completed automobile and performs quality checking in order to ensure that the quality criteria are met. The tested automobile is then passed to the distribution stage, where it joins with other outputs of the manufacturer, such as information (owner’s manuals and marketing material) and customers (sales department efforts) for final distribution.The main challenges for an automobile manufacturer include transportability, storability, simultaneity and quality. Automobiles are large and heavy, as well as expensive to produce. The manufacture r must be assured of its logistical optimization in order to avoid outputting too many automobiles and creating a storability problem. Automobile manufacturers also need to ensure their ability to transport their vehicles to their customer base. Vehicles can be transported by lorry in some cases, but often must spend part of their journey on rail, cargo boat or a combination of all three methods of transport before reaching their destination. Simultaneity is vital to an automobile manufacturer; in order for the business to achieve economies of scale, it must be able to produce a large number of outputs at the same time or in quick succession. Quality is measured by comprehensive, objective testing which ensures that each output is up to standards set by the manufacturer and demanded by the business’s environment (both its customers and the regulatory or government rules).Transportability and storability of raw materials is also a concern, because automobile raw materials are often bulky and can sometimes be difficult to source, being subject to their own market pressures which may divert or halt supply of a given material. An entire microorganisation may exist within an automobile manufacturer for supply-chain management and logistics. One way in which American and Japanese automobile manufacturers have attempted to solve transportability and storability problems on both the input and output side of the transformation model is by using just-in-time (JIT) production methods. In the JIT model, suppliers provide raw materials and components to the manufacturer on an as-needed basis, often varying supply daily in order to avoid storing an excess inventory of raw material. In turn, the automobile manufacturer provides automobiles to dealerships in the same way, providing only a short-term supply for storage or in some cases only providing cars after completed sales.An advertising agency is a very different business from an automobile manufacturing business. An advertising agency may provide a small amount of goods, including marketing materials, posters and other promotional material. The outputs of an advertising agency may also be used as inputs in creation of tangible output from another firm, as in the case of development of products bearing advertising logos, mascots or symbols. However, their primary business is intangible and service-based. The major inputs in an advertising agency are people, knowledge and creativity. The major outputs are information and customers.An advertising agency also reacts to its environment differently from an automobile manufacturer. While an automobile manufacturer does pay attention to customer input and gather market information, the main production process involves the automobile manufacturer producing automobiles, and the customer base purchasing automobiles (or not purchasing automobiles, if the manufacturer has not responded appropriately to the information provided). An advertising agency doe s not produce work for public purchase; rather, it produces work on a bespoke basis, with each client driving the creative process and determining what services should be provided by the agency. Because of this, simultaneity is not as important to the advertising agency as it is to the automobile manufacturer; an advertising agency’s outputs are unique, and the agency may produce no more than a few outputs at once, depending on the size of the agency – no economies of scale are possible, so the number of possible outputs are directly related to the amount of input.The advertising agency’s main macroorganisations are its sales department and its creative staff (depending on the size and nature of the agency, this may be divided into several sub-organisations including graphic artists, copywriters and video production specialists as well as other creative workers). Its microorganisations are human resources, directors, and finance departments. Unlike the automobil e manufacturer, the advertising agency does not have a high number of microorganisations devoted to support of logistics or supply chain management, as it has no need for these functions. While the advertising agency has high requirements for the criteria of quality and customer contact, it has almost no requirements for transportability, storability or simultaneity because it does not provide a tangible product that requires these criteria.The stages of transformation an advertising agency’s product goes through are client solicitation, information gathering and the creative process, delivery of the product and account management. Where the automobile manufacturer’s primary output was tangible, and was supported by intangible products from the marketing and sales macroorganisations, the advertising agency’s primary output is almost entirely intangible, with only minor support from a macroorganisation which provides a tangible product (marketing brochures, promo tional materials and so on).Like the automobile manufacturer, each stage in the transformation of an advertising agency’s input provides an intermediate output for use as the next stage’s output. The first stage, that of client solicitation, requires human resources (the account managers) and information of the market and the customers. There may also be an element of creativity in this stage, as the account manager proposes details and new ideas for the new account.The output from the client solicitation stage (finances, information and creativity) is used in the next stage, which is information gathering and the creation of the advertising material required by the contract. This stage makes a far greater use of information and creativity than the previous stage. Information about what the client requires must be joined to knowledge about legal matters such as copyright information, understanding of the client’s market to be able to judge whether the intended i mpact of the proposed campaign is realistic, information about design principles and the given medium the client desires work in (for example, graphic arts, advertising campaign design, commercial production or other techniques required for the client’s requirements). Creativity is required as well, in order to ensure that the impact of the campaign is what was required. While the automobile manufacturer must meet its customer’s requirements for a vehicle, the advertising agency’s job is more complicated; grabbing the attention and imagination of not only current customers, but potential customers, requires attention to detail, knowledge of psychology and cultural trends and artistic creativity. This is the stage at which one of the main outputs of the advertising agency, information, is complete.The output of the creative process is passed to the next stage, that of client delivery. This stage of transformation is closely tied to the next stage, that of custome r retention, both of which are involved with the second major output of the advertising agency, customers. The account manager who completed the first stage, of client solicitation, is likely to be involved in these stages as well. The quality of the information output (the advertising campaign) is judged during this stage of transformation – does the client like it? Does the public like it? Is the client going to come back to the advertising agency for their next campaign or a continuation of this one? These subjective measures of quality are unlike the automobile manufacturer’s objective tests and specifications, as they are completely dependent on the client’s requirements and tastes, as well as the demographic the advertising campaign is to be directed at.Slack’s transformation process model is expressed differently, depending on whether the business’s primary output is a good or a service. For a business that primarily focuses on goods deliver y or tangible output, transportability and storability are key; if the business is one that benefits from economies of scale, a high degree of simultaneity is also desirable. A business which focuses primarily on a service or intangible output depends heavily on customer contact and quality. Quality, while important for both goods and services output, is defined differently for each type of business. A tangible output can be objectively checked for quality using standard measurements and tests to determine its compliance with use requirements and regulations. An intangible output’s quality is determined by the value derived by the customer rather than quantitative measurements or regulatory factors. In both cases, however, Slack’s transformation process model can be used as a framework for understanding how a business takes raw inputs such as human resources, financial resources, information, raw materials and creativity and produces materials, information and customer s.

Great Depression Essays (3881 words) - , Term Papers

Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic decline ever in U.S. history. It began in late 1929 and lasted about a decade. Throughout the 1920's, many factors played a role in bringing about the depression; the main causes were the unequal distribution of wealth and extensive stock market speculation. Money was distributed unequally between the rich and the middle-class, between industry and agriculture within the United States, and between the U.S. and Europe. This disproportion of wealth created an unstable economy. Before the Great Depression, the "roaring twenties" was an era during which the United States prospered tremendously. The nation's total income rose from $74.3 billion in 1923 to $89 billion in 1929. However, the rewards of the "Coolidge Prosperity" of the 1920's were not shared evenly among all Americans. In 1929, the top 0.1 percentage of Americans had a combined income equal to the bottom 42%. That same top 0.1 percentage of Americans in 1929 controlled 34% of all savings, while 80% of Americans had no savings at all. Automotive industry tycoon Henry Ford provides an example of the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle-class. Henry Ford reported a personal income of $14 million in the same year that the average personal income was $750. This poor distribution of income between the rich and the middle class grew throughout the 1920's. While the disposable income per capita rose 9% from 1920 to 1929, those with income within the top 1-percentage enjoyed an extraordinary 75% increase in per capita disposable income. These market crashes, combined with the poor distribution of wealth, caused the American economy to overturn. Increased manufacturing output throughout this period created this large and growing gap between the rich and the working class. From 1923-1929, the average output per worker increased 32% in manufacturing. During that same period of time average wages for manufacturing jobs increased only 8%. Thus, wages increased at a rate one fourth as fast as productivity increased. As production costs fell quickly, wages rose slowly, and prices remained constant, the bulk benefit of the increased productivity went into corporate profits. In fact, from 1923-1929, corporate profits rose 62% and dividends rose 65%. The federal government also contributed to the growing gap between the rich and middle-class. Calvin Coolidge's administration (and the conservative-controlled government) favored business, and consequently those that invested in these businesses. An example of legislation to this purpose is the Revenue Act of 1926, signed by President Coolidge on February 26, 1926, which reduced federal income and inheritance taxes dramatically. Andrew Mellon, Coolidge's Secretary of the Treasury, was the main force behind these and other tax cuts throughout the 1920's. Even the Supreme Court played a role in expanding the gap between the social/economic classes. In the 1923 case Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the Supreme Court ruled minimum-wage legislation unconstitutional. The large and growing disproportion of wealth between the well to do and the middle-income citizens made the U.S. economy unstable. For an economy to function properly, total demand must equal total supply. In an economy with such different distribution of income, it is not assured that demand will equal supply. Essentially, what happened in the 1920's was that there was an oversupply of goods. It was not that the surplus products of industrialized society were not wanted, but rather that those whose needs were not satisfied could not afford more, whereas the wealthy were contented by spending only a small portion of their income. Three quarters of the U.S. population would spend essentially all of their yearly incomes to purchase consumer goods such as food, clothes, radios, and cars. These were the poor and middle class: families with incomes around, or usually less than, $2,500 a year. The bottom three quarters of the population had a collective income of less than 45% of the combined national income; the top 25% of the population took in more than 55% of the national income. Through this period, the U.S. relied upon two things in order for the economy to remain even: luxury spending, investment and credit sales. One solution to the problem of the vast majority of the population not having enough money to satisfy all their needs was to let those who wanted goods buy products on credit. The concept of buying now and paying later caught on quickly. By the end of the 1920's, 60% of cars and 80% of radios were bought on installment credit. Between 1925 and 1929 the total amount of outstanding installment credit more than doubled from $1.38 billion to around $3 billion.

How to Study for Biology Exams

How to Study for Biology Exams Exams can seem intimidating and overwhelming for biology students. The key to overcoming these obstacles is preparation. By learning how to study for biology exams you can conquer your fears. Remember, the purpose of an exam is for you to demonstrate that you understand the concepts and information that have been taught. Below are some excellent tips to help you learn how to study for biology exams. Get Organized   An important key to success in biology is organization. Good time management skills will help you to become more organized and waste less time preparing to study. Items such as daily planners and semester calendars will help you to know what you need to do and when you need to have it done. Start Studying Early It is very important that you start preparing for biology exams well in advance. I know, I know, it is almost ​tradition for some to wait until the last minute, but students who implore this tactic dont perform their best, dont retain the information and get worn out. Review the Textbook and Lecture Notes   Be sure that you review your lecture notes before the exam. You should start reviewing your notes on a daily basis. This will ensure that you gradually learn the information over time and dont have to cram. Your biology textbook is a wonderful source for finding illustrations and diagrams that will help you visualize the concepts you are learning. Be sure to reread and review the appropriate chapters and information in your textbook. You will want to make sure that you understand all the key concepts and topics. Get Answers To Your Questions If you are having difficulty understanding a topic or have unanswered questions, discuss them with your teacher. You dont want to go into an exam with gaps in your knowledge. Get together with a friend or classmate and have a study session. Take turns asking and answering questions. Write your answers down in complete sentences to help you organize and express your thoughts. If your teacher holds a review session, be sure to attend. This will help to identify specific topics that will be covered, as well as fill in any gaps in knowledge. Help sessions are also an ideal place to get answers to your questions. Quiz Yourself   To help prepare yourself for the exam and find out how much you know, give yourself a quiz. You can do this by using prepared flash cards or taking a sample test. You can also use online biology games and quiz resources.  If your teacher holds a review session, be sure to attend. This will help to identify specific topics that will be covered, as well as fill in any gaps in knowledge. Help sessions are also an ideal place to get answers to your questions. Relax   Now that you have followed the previous steps, its time to rest and relax. You should be well prepared for your biology exam. Its a good idea to make sure you get plenty of sleep the night before your exam. You have nothing to worry about because you are well prepared. Take An AP Biology Course   Those who wish to gain credit for introductory college level biology courses should consider taking an Advanced Placement Biology course. Students enrolled in the AP Biology course must take the AP Biology exam to gain credit. Most colleges will give credit for entry-level biology courses for students who earn a score of 3 or better on the exam. Use Good Study Aids   Biology flash cards are excellent tools for studying and memorizing key biology terms and information. AP Biology Flash Cards are a wonderful resource, not only for those taking AP Biology but also for biology students in general. If taking the AP Biology exam, these Top Five AP Biology Books contain extremely useful information that is sure to help you score high on the AP Biology exam.

PPD3 Portfolio Part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

PPD3 Portfolio Part 1 - Essay Example Indeed, all the preparations and research we have undergone resulted to more than knowledge. The very first step that an applicant must learn when applying for a job is to familiarize himself about the target organization, in this case- Enterprise Rent a Car. Enterprise Rent-A-Car is already an established organization with very precise set of procedures. An example of which is the recruitment and selection process of the company wherein they attract university students through a mentoring program. The on-the –job training is a very valuable process that students like I could participate in order to experience real life situations as compared to theories learned in the classroom setting. However, not everyone can fit into what Enterprise Rent a Car needs because there are certain competencies required so a person can fulfill job functions very well. Our team evaluated the objectives of a car rental business and saw that the main goal of this type of business is to expand its c ustomer base. Such goal can only be accomplished through outstanding customer service since customers themselves can make referrals about their service. The Enterprise was very good at focusing on customer service and used ESQI to measure customer satisfaction. I realized that business guru Peter Drucker was right when he said that â€Å"things that cannot be measured cannot be managed†. Likewise, the saying is very applicable to my personal development since what we have been learning and doing all along these past few weeks is determining different skills and capabilities that we possess. A comprehensive and objective report as revealed by different tests gave me a clear picture of my strengths and weaknesses as well as potential for development. However, aside from focusing on myself, I understood the importance of collaboration with other team members. A goal can only be achieved when a team works together and gives their best. Team members met and brainstormed so best id eas would come out naturally. Everyone participated and we listed all the possibilities of how a car rental service can expand its base of marketing. We realized that all of us share same concepts and that marketing was very crucial in real life situations. We all agreed that this type of business would have an advantage over its competitors if it segments its target market since other companies take a shot-gun approach or one size fits all. The industry is competitive and things don’t work out that way anymore so we have to be creative. My ESTP personality moved the group into action so I was the one who set deadlines and arranged meetings. We also knew that this business has certain set of expectations from its employees and would get an employee who can be an epitome of customer service. The company screens online application forms which are why it is very crucial to create the best CV possible. A working experience in a sales oriented company would be an edge over other a pplicants which made me feel confident. Once an employee or a management trainee is in, various development programs coupled by trainings and seminars is in place. Aside from all the planning, organizing and researching to learn more about Enterprise, there are much more important things learned in the Assessment Exercise. First, it takes a lot of preparation to really get a good job nowadays. The most diligent effort

Business Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Information Systems - Essay Example The company has a wide clientele that ranges from large supermarket chains to small health food shops. Organised under four main divisions, – manufacturing, warehousing and distribution, sales and marketing, and finance – FFC caters to ‘advance orders’ booked a week in advance as well as ‘priority orders’ that are immediately delivered. Apart from processing, cooking, and preparing food at its manufacturing site close to headquarters, the company also out sources pre-prepared and partly prepared food products from other vendor firms, and markets them after packaging. The annual turnover of FFC stands at an impressive UKP15 million, with a steady net profit of about 7%. Currently on an ambitious five-year plan to augment the annual growth rate to 10% discounting inflation, and net profit to 9%, FFC will take advantage of the growing demand for fashionable and quality food products. The company has been traditionally operating on a solely paper-based transaction processing, accounting, and reporting mode that is obsolete and incompatible with the information age, besides being cumbersome, time-consuming, and inefficient. As Allen and Gilmore (2004, p.180) rightly observed, the â€Å"factory of the future† that succeeds in the new millennium would be â€Å"organized around the computer.† And that future is right here and now. The power of the ubiquitous computer or laptop and the immense scope of the World Wide Web and Internet technology hold great potential to â€Å"integrate the various processes involved in the manufacture of a product or delivery of a service.† (2004). Towards the closing decades of the 20th century, computer technology was largely used for MIS (management information systems) applications, mostly on a stand-alone mode. The advent of network technology and Internet has now transformed the scope of computer applications as never

Globalization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalization - Term Paper Example assumption that globalization entails economic integration, exchange of knowledge, as well as interdependence of political and legislative decisions of world countries. Among the latest definitions of globalization is that of Al-Rodhan, who concludes that â€Å"globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities† (Al-Rodhan 5). Therefore, it can be said that globalization is the process which makes integration and communication between countries, nations, businesses and individuals easier and less dependent on political or territorial constraints. This means that state boundaries or long distances play a less important role in communication and cooperation of nations. As countries become more integrated, they become more interconnected and interdependent in many aspects of their operations. Technological developments in transportation and communication have made it pos sible for world countries and people to become closer. The Internet, in its turn, has sped up and intensified the process. Availability and relative cheapness of Internet access around the world has diluted the states’ boundaries having allowed more people and businesses to work internationally. This has made different types of globalizations become more distinct and powerful. Among the major types of globalization are economic (financial), socio-cultural, and political (Dreher, Gaston, and Martens 2). Economic and financial types of globalization are among the most discussed ones because they are related to interdependence of world economies, increased flows of international capital and cross-border trade of goods and services (Shangquan 1). Technological advancements in transportation and... The intention of this study is globalization as a very complex process that touches all the spheres of people’s lives. Consequently, just like the majority of internal processes of each country, globalization evokes both positive and negative consequences. On a positive side are, definitely, the spread of technologies, free trade, and an increase in exchange of commodities between the countries. Globalization brings economic and financial development to less developed countries, and new business opportunities to the whole world society. Still, it cannot be said that globalization can be made to work for all, because advantages in some aspects bring disadvantages in others. For example, the spread of communication and Internet technologies has allowed businesses to outsource jobs from poorer countries to take advantage of the lower wage rates. As a result, home country professionals either lose their jobs or have to work for lower salaries. Similarly, outsourcing of business pr ocesses, while is a great driver for India’s economy, has lead to displacement of some service-sector jobs in developed countries. Globalization diminishes the importance of borders and, supported by the Internet, allows for free movement of information. As a result, it is becoming more and more difficult for governments to control and suppress information they prefer to restrict. The Internet even provides large companies with opportunities to show self-governing behavior.

Concepts of Classical Humanism

Concepts of Classical Humanism The citizens of ancient civilizations lived in a world where the influence of nature and the influence of its rulers minimized the common mans efforts. Confronted with this, ancient Greeks professed they had the greatest intelligence of all, saying they had the natural abilities to understand and control the world Classical Humanism. Classical Humanism resonated in every part of Greek life. From Poets like Sophocles whos play Antigone speaks to their influence on humanity at the time. Classical Humanism was also conveyed by the Greeks incredible self belief within their own civilization, none more so than the wealth and power shown in Fifth Century Athens. Although this confidence eventually diminished, the belief of Humanism remained a cognate legacy. Renaissance philosophers and artists challenged the Church by perusing the ideas and culture of Greek Humanism. An illustration of Greek Humanism was the spectacular complex of temples in theAthensacropolis, soaring high over the city below. An acropolis was a fortress built on top of a hill at the center of the city. They were commonly the citys most revered district and contained temples anointing the citys patron leaders. A prime example of this was the Parthenon temple in Athena. It was one of the largest temples ever built inGreece, and all aspects of its construction were closely monitored and controlled by the citys leading artists and architects of the time. The Parthenon was built on the top of Acropolis; the original building on the site was built as an offering to honor the goddess Athena because the people of ancientAthensbelieved that she watched over their city. This time was the Golden Age of Athens, with the institution of democracy in the city, with a new form of government, citizens were afforded the opportunity to view and understand themselves as constituents of a greater whole, the latter being Athens. The Parthenon was unparalleled among Doric temples as it had a second frieze (Frieze: the part of a classical entablature between the architrave and the cornice, usually decorated with sculpture in low relief). The Parthenons frieze ran along the cella wall and across the inner columns. It was a stroke of genius as acted as a sculpted advertisement for Athenian civic prudence, which was more than 500ft long. This [particular frieze depicted a noble parade of Athenian citizens, reminding the citizens of their festival held every four years for the Goddess Athena. The frieze had a naked horsemen sitting on their horses in all glory, it had Athenian maidens leading a parade to the thrones of Zeus and Athena, who presided over the celebration. Inspired by their self belief as being the supreme citizens ofGreece, they confidently portrayed themselves among the gods. The Greeks were a civilization who had a high confidence of themselves and of there God given abilities. This was shown in many ways with their architecture at the time, none more evident than the Parthenon inAthenswhich proudly, and some may say arrogantly, displayed the Athenians as a higher class of citizen I Greece and throughout the region. This belief would continue on in years to come through the literature and buildings from this era.

The Bargaining Power of Supplier of Mcdonalds

Supply Chain Management ADM 4620 Group Project- McDonald's Lecture Name: DR. ERNESTO DIMACULANGAN Student's Name: Li Yi Yang (1006D3UBA002) Zhang Heng (0901D3UBS008) Li Bo (0706D1UBS003) Li Jie (1006D4UBA002) Due Date: 06th, September, 2010 Table of Context Introduction 3 McDonald's Background 4 McDonald's Strategy 5 McDonald's Business Process 6 Customer service management 6 Procurement process 6 Product development and commercialization 7 Manufacturing flow management process 7 Physical distribution 8 Outsourcing/ partnerships 8 Performance measurement 8 Supply Chain 9 McDonald's Supply Chain 9 McDonald's Supply Chain in Indian 12McDonald's Supply Chain Challenges and its Potential impacts 14 Even stronger focus on freshness and quality 14 On-going product innovations 15 Strong customer demand fluctuations based on promotions 16 Order- and inventory management restaurant – DC – supplier – raw material supplier 18 Bull Whip effect 19 Change Management in a de- c entralized structure 20 Methods for Solve Problems 20 Build the quality supervised system 20 Build the detailed R&D process 22 Improve the level of marketing promotion and forecast 23 Build the direct supply system 25 Build the decentralized structure 26 Recommendation 27 Conclusion 28 References 29Introduction In this report, our team chooses to delve into the success of the global company- McDonald's. McDonald's is one of the most well known brands in the world. The objective of this report is to understand how supply chain management applied into real business in McDonald's. We will through the problems mainly analysis supply chain in McDonald's and its significance in real life and also will explain the successful reason of McDonald's how to use supply chain in their business. McDonalds are a multinational firm and their subsidiary company throughout all over the world, so McDonald's should have a perfect supply chain.McDonald's Background McDonald's is one of only a handful of brands that command instant recognition in virtually every country in the world. McDonald's is the world's largest chain of fast food restaurants, serving nearly 47 million customers visiting it per day through more than 31,000 restaurants in 119 countries worldwide. McDonald's sells various fast food items and soft drinks including hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, salads, fries, breakfast items and ice cream desserts. Many McDonald's restaurants have included a playground for children and advertising geared toward to children.Company has expansion of McDonald's into many international markets; the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. It also expanded the McDonald's menu in recent decades to include alternative meal options like salads and snack wraps in order to capitalize on growing consumer interest in health and wellness. Each McDonald's restaurants is operated by a franchisee, an affiliate or the corporation it self. The corporation's revenues come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company- operated restaurants.McDonald's Strategy McDonald's marketing strategy is concerned with the internal resources, external environment and its basic competencies along with its share holders. McDonald's strategy to develop its global workforce is designed to be aligned with and support the execution of its over- arching strategic business goal, which is ;amp;quot;to become everyone's favorite place and way to eat". McDonald's current strategy is to further promote the image of healthy food that can be found at ;amp;quot;New or Re- modeled McDonald's. amp;amp;quot; McDonald's new strategy of presenting its restaurants as the convenient place where healthy food can be found is in line with its recent attempts to create a healthier image for itself. The corporation is planning other menu changes, such as switching to a cinnamon roll and a sausage burrito as its core breakfast offering, while bagels would become an alternative item. Some chain that individuals ;amp;quot;confront a future of accelerating McDonaldization. ;amp;quot; These changes are part of its strategy to offer a range of choices that support a balanced lifestyle, thus to attract new clients and retain old ones.McDonald's Business Process Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper operating an integrated supply chain requires continuous information flows, which in turn assist to achieve the best product flows. However, in many companies, management has reached the conclusion that optimizing the product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach to the business.The key critical supply business processes in McDonald's will comb following processes: Customer service management Customer relat ionship management concerns the relationship between the organization and its customers. Customer service provides the source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real- time information on promising dates and product availability through interfaces with the McDonald's company's production and distribution operations. Procurement process Strategic plans are developed with suppliers to support the manufacturing low management process and development of new products. In firms where operations extend globally, like McDonald's it sourcing should be managed on a global basis. Activities related to obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers requires performing resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling and quality assurance, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers in scheduling, supply continuity, hedging, and research into new sources or programmes.Product dev elopment and commercialization Here, customers and suppliers must be united into the product development process, thus to reduce time to market. The appropriate products must be developed and successfully launched in ever shorter time- schedules to remain competitive. Manufacturing flow management process The manufacturing process is produced and supplies products to the distribution channels based on past forecasts. Manufacturing processes must be flexible to respond to market changes, and must accommodate mass customization.Orders are processes operating on a just- in- time (JIT) basis in minimum lot sizes. It also changes in the manufacturing flow process lead to shorter cycle times, meaning improved responsiveness and efficiency of demand to customers. Physical distribution This concerns movements of a finished products or service to customers. In physical distribution, the customer is the final destination of a marketing channel, and the availability of the product or service i s a vital part of each channel participant's marketing effort.It is also through the physical distribution process that the time and space of customer service become an integral part of marketing, thus it will link a marketing channel with its customers. For example, links manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers. Outsourcing/ partnerships This is not just outsourcing the procurement of materials and components, but it also outsourcing of services that traditionally have been provided in- house. Manage and control partners and suppliers require a blend of both central and local involvement. Hence, strategic decisions need to be taken entrally with the monitoring and control of supplier performance and day- to- day liaison with logistics partners being best managed at local level. Performance measurement Experts found a strong relationship from the largest arcs of supplier and customer integration to market share and profitability. By taking advantage of supplier capabilities and emp hasizing a long- term supply chain perspective in customer relationships can be both correlated with firm performance. Supply Chain Supply chain is one of the critical factors for the smooth functioning of any business.Supply chains most- often show where different product components are sourced. There are two key components to the fast food industry supply chain. On the one hand, raw materials are essential to the ultimate product. More importantly, though, the value- added component of the supply chain comes primarily from the services provided by quick, convenient, and quality establishments. The value- added from the supplier to producer right through to the retailer and the final customer. The most important aspect of the industry supply chain is that it is driven by the consumer.The consumer has what seems to be an endless amount of fast food chains to choose from every day. The best example is Burger King and McDonald's they all have excellent marketing departments and that i s why they are all on the rise in today's market. The main goal of their marketing is to make the consumer drive that extra two blocks past the competitor to eat at their chain. McDonald's Supply Chain McDonald's was aware that supply chain management was undoubtedly the most important factor for funning its restaurants successfully.McDonald's supply chain is extensive and complex. It's very efficient, which is why McDonald's are able to consistently offer their customers safe and quality food at an affordable price. But there's more to the equation. McDonald's supply chain contributes positively to the safety, quality, and availability of their final products. They also want their product ingredients to be produced in ways that can contribute positively to the development of sustainable agricultural and food manufacturing practices. McDonald's have a large umber of direct suppliers- companies that make or deliver final products for their restaurants- even McDonald's have larger num ber of indirect suppliers- companies and farms that grow or process the ingredients that are eventually delivered to their direct suppliers. (Figure1. 1) Figure1. 1 Supplier performance index Import Breath of supply process control equipment No direct control over issues, positive influence by raising questions, bring people to the table and encouraging improvement the McDonald's supply chain.A supply chain driven by point- of- sale date needs a consensus forecast for all stakeholders in the chain- including suppliers, distribution centers and restaurants. Indirect suppliers are primary processing; direct suppliers belong to distribution centers. The distribution centers are the second stage (second echelon, thus making more than one echelon, hence the name, multi- echelon) where safety stock is held. Distribution centers have optimized inventories, and increased product availability and freshness. For example, Quaker, Kraft, Keebler, Carnation, Keystone Foods, J. R.Simplot Co, Coca Cola and Tyson Foods all these suppliers will ship to a distribution centers. These distribution centers include everything from food products to cleaning supplies to replacement parts. Individual stores only make one phone call to re- stock the entire store. When all these suppliers ship to distribution centers and the final step is ship these items to McDonald's restaurants. (Figure 1. 2) Figure 1. 2 McDonald's so successful and their supply chain so efficient is that they then take that technology and share it with the rest of their suppliers so that they can all grow together and create better products.McDonald's Supply Chain in Indian McDonald' initiative to set up an efficient supply chain and deploy state-of-art technology changed the entire Indian fast food industry and raised the standards of performance to international levels such McDonald's has worked in the supply chain, their first to open the joint first in McDonalds, brand overseas, which are trying to make, inroads in India's development partners in a manner that will be with companies from the beginning of the success of McDonald's India successfully by providing all he necessary products from domestic to ensure this McDonald's develop local business that can provide the product quality now. McDonald's has a dedicated supply chain in India and the success of McDonalds India was achieved by sourcing all its required products from within the country. McDonald's success in India had been built on four pillars: limited menu, fresh food, fast service and affordable price. Intense competition and demands for a wider menu, drive- through and sit- down meals- encouraged the fast food giant to customize product variety without hampering the efficacy of its supply chain.Today, McDonald's India works with 38 different suppliers based on a long term and several multiple other stand alone restaurants for the needs of many McDonald's distribution centers in India comes in the following order Noida and Kal amboli (Mumbai) in 1996, Bangalore in 2004 and the last one in Kolkata (2007) McDonald's entering the first distribution cooperation agreement in food- related service business. Between 1992 and 1996, when McDonald's opened its first outlet in India, it worked frenetically to put the perfect supply chain in place.McDonald's spent a few years setting up a unique Cold Chain and it was one of the unique concepts of McDonald's supply chain in India, on which it has spent over six years to get systems into place. It trained the local farmers to produce lettuces or potatoes to specifications and worked with a vendor to get the perfect cold chain in place. This system brought about a veritable revolution, immensely benefiting the farmers at one end and enabling customers at retail counters get the highest quality food products, absolutely fresh and at great value.The adoption of clod chain in India could increase the integrity of processed food value chains and reverse post harvest deterio ration, which currently sees 40% raw material wastage on an annual basis. McDonald's expands in India, gives the provider the opportunity to expand its business, access to the latest food technology, exposure to advanced agricultural practices and have the ability to grow or export. The Cold Chain is necessary to maintain the integrity of food products and retain their freshness and nutritional value.McDonald's Supply Chain Challenges and its Potential impacts Even stronger focus on freshness and quality To make sure the materials' fresh and quality is the biggest challenge for fast food industry. Especially for McDonald's this famous brand that customers will have higher expectation than others. If you get any mistakes on the freshness and quality that will make customers sensitive to take the doubts and do not want to purchase. It will lead our sales and stocks get one big shock. Hence, we are facing the stress that to ensure our products keep freshness and good quality in sustain able.As the potato contingency above suggests in France, the supply chain is one of the most difficult areas to monitor. McDonald's exerts 80-90 percent of its impact on the world from a social responsibility standpoint through its supply chain that they innovative the sustainable supply chain model and use it in the business. When McDonald's purchases beef, for example, it doesn't buy it from a cattle rancher. Typically it is purchased from a supplier—one who takes in raw beef and forms it into beef patties.However, some of suppliers for minimize the costs that try to use the frozen storage of beef to do the beef patties. McDonald's always want try to solve this problem, but it isn't so easy. The company doesn't have any direct business dealings with the rancher. It has to exert influence through intermediaries. On-going product innovations As we know McDonald's has its R&D department for research the new product menu and provide to the customers. The innovation at McDon ald's it is extremely unique, while it may be spurred by one of our suppliers, is always shared information with the other suppliers.However, McDonald's has to polling the risk on reveal supply chain management information by these suppliers. However, it is one part of the makeup of our relationship based on trust and mutual respect. There is a lot of pride that goes with being the creator of any particular innovation. Another part reason is for the fast food innovation is very important it not only needs to match the features of the fast food industry and also should use the special characters and tastes to attractive consumers. However, it needs the long lead time and high costs.It will make McDonalds' sales goes down and take the fluctuation on the profitability. This is one big challenge in the supply chain that is how to minimize the period of the new emerges out of the old. Strong customer demand fluctuations based on promotions At the above we can find these three pictures sh ow the promotion's effects on the sales and indirect to reflect the correlation between demand fluctuations with McDonalds' promotion. McDonalds uses the McToys as a sales promotional tool to drive interest and Sales.In their product of Happy Meal among the young children the primary target market of McDonalds gets a sales and demand. Even take the out of stock situation in some periods. The desired marketing effect of offering these toys is to renew interest in the Happy Meal product among young children. The toy serves as a special ;amp;quot;surprise;amp;quot; for this market upon consumption of the primary contents – the food. However, after these periods the customers especial for the young children will feel boring about our products.Because of the younger always like the fresh things, hence, sometimes it will lead the McDonalds' demand take a fluctuations. It not only affects McDonalds' sales and also will take the big challenge on the holding costs or loss profits by t he out of stock. Order- and inventory management restaurant – DC – supplier – raw material supplier McDonald's has one big order and inventory system and supply chain. If want make them in a high efficiency and properly operation, that it needs McDonalds have one correct managerial models and strategies.For example, they need based on the per 100 item sales data to forecast the demand. McDonalds is facing a real stress on the system revolution to make it comes with is very useful farmers at one end and the customer over the counter products sold to the highest quality fresh and value complete. And how to use the laser cooling identity, to make the operation run properly to maintain the freshness and nutritional value of raw materials and processed foods. This involves the purchase of inventory, transportation and food retailers all died under temperature control.And they also should know how to calculate the orders accurate. Hence, is one core challenge in the s upply chain management? Bull Whip effect Bullwhip is the Key challenge in McDonalds' supply chain. The Bullwhip Effect is a main reason for higher costs and problems in supply chains. It describe how small fluctuations in demand at the client level are augmented as orders pass up the supply chain through distributors, manufacturers, and suppliers. In great variety supply chains, the upstream activities react to forecasts, while somewhere on the downstream part the chain waits for orders to be ade. Think about these two former fast food mottos: ;amp;quot;We Do it all for you;amp;quot; proposed by McDonalds and ;amp;quot;Have it Your Way;amp;quot; by Burger King. McDonald's makes finished hamburgers "to forecast" – McDonalds doesn't know when people would come in for consumption, but they make burgers in anticipation. Burger King prefers to wait until customers actually place (customizable) orders before the burgers are made.This is more frequently known as th e ;amp;quot;Build-to-Order;amp;quot; (BTO) model, while McDonalds' strategy up to now is called "Build to Stock" (BTS). Hence, how to utilize this model solve the fluctuation is the real challenge of they need to consider. Change Management in a de- centralized structure McDonald's supply chain system is so simple system that McDonald's supply chain is based on the three-legged stool concept Company – Franchisees – Suppliers. Hence, sometimes it leads the react on the problems more slowly compare with other fast food competitors.Hence, Jack Greenberg, the former accountant who last year was named chief executive of McDonald's Corp orchestrated a management realignment that broke up some of the company's internal cliques and divided the organization into five more autonomous regions, which theoretically will be able to react more quickly to local market conditions. It not benefit for them to expand their global market and react in one short time. The r ealignment also led to the company's first layoffs ever, which reduced some of the bloat that had built up during the chain's aggressive domestic expansion.In mid-1990s the American had taken the things like this. Hence, how to realign the structure and solve the problems taken by this decentralized activity are the key points we need to facing in this part. Methods for Solve Problems Build the quality supervised system Quality has always meant ensuring that our customers receive food products that are the result of the best ingredients, strict standards, and proven preparation procedures to guarantee a safe, great tasting product. Currently, McDonald is facing the challenge on sustainable development on he products' freshness and quality. Even they have a well down on this part work; however they still cannot ignore the problems always taken in their working process. Hence, we think McDonald can make one supervised system (as in most areas around the world), McDonald's restaurants always use the network of independently owned distribution centers that buy products from ‘direct' suppliers – those suppliers who are involved in the final stage of the food supply chain and provide McDonald's restaurants with finished food products like hamburger patties and buns.These direct suppliers buy the raw ingredients they use to produce our food products from a far more dispersed network of suppliers. Hence, we need to make the three-stage supervised system. Firstly, we can build the department to supervise the original materials that came from our indirect suppliers and set up the direct connect style to keep communicate with them. Secondly, we can set up the supervisor in the logistic department to make them give us feedback about our direct suppliers' information and help us to supervise their materials' quality and transportation process.Finally, we can hire the professional supervisor in each of restaurants to check the finish goods and deliver goods, if or not match our standard. McDonalds' inspection program(QIP) to investigate the quality of more than 20 points the difference in the Cold Chain setting of Cold Chain to enable them to reduce the loss of operating Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is the system to focus on food safety protection in place, suppliers and restaurants rather than check on patients or checking status.Information microorganisms according HACCP, control points and control points important for all McDonald's plant food major department stores in India have been identified; Ltd. has been established for those followed by the audit record and correct the deviation. Build the detailed R&D process Consider the McDonald's situation that should pooling the risk with share the innovation information with suppliers and need one long lead time and high costs. Hence, we want advice them to centralized this system and detailed the tasks of process.First of all, McDonald can build some R;amp;D centers in some important regions. Because of McDonald only have three R;amp;D centers (Hong Kong, Indian, American). For minimize the innovative lead time and react immediate about the market demand, I think they should set up two more centers in European and South American. Secondly, I think they should protect their innovative information to reveal to suppliers. Especially that some direct suppliers have the agreement with McDonald on the innovation part. It will help McDonald less opportunity to make our competitors to capture their achievements.At the restaurant level, McDonald can focus in three areas: Energy conservation – Find further ways to increase energy efficiency in their restaurants in order to save money and reduce our environmental impacts Sustainable packaging and waste management – Continue exploring ways to reduce the environmental impacts of McDonald's consumer packaging and waste in their restaurant operations Green building design – Enhance McDon ald's strict building standards to incorporate further opportunities for environmental efficiencies and innovation in the design and construction of McDonald's restaurants If R&D centers need to collect some market information and the materials data, can find the internal employees to take responsible on intelligent information collected. Even though, it looks like the costs will be goes high. However, McDonald will less the opportunity of loss and minimizes the fluctuation lead time to ensure the profitability in one stable level. It is indirect to help McDonald decrease the costs. Improve the level of marketing promotion and forecastFor avoid the bullwhip effects and the demand fluctuation by the promotional effects. I think McDonald should improve the level of marketing promotion and forecast. They can hire the promotional designer to plan their activities and promotion. They can base on the holiday and commemoration day to setup the activities and also can design different s eries Mac toys to do the promotion to meet the customers' needs. McDonald also needs to build the technical forecast system and use the reasonable methods to prevent the fluctuation in the sales lead time. McDonald can combine the ;amp;quot;build to order;amp;quot; and ;amp;quot;build to stock;amp;quot; these to system.Make their forecast more accurate and control the bullwhip effects in one small level. Build to stock is frequently considered as an appropriate solution for high volume products where the demand is either seasonal or easily predicted, or both. This model is more nearly about the McDonalds' current situation, because of McDonalds' demand is highly in usually. And by the long history experience McDonald has the ability to do the accurate forecast; however McDonald has to consider their special service -24hours. In the midnight there is only few people choice to buy as their midnight snack. Hence, if they follow the ;amp;quot;build to stock;amp;quot; in the midnight per iod will lead in excess of demand.It will make our costs get waste and cannot provide the fresh and high quality products for the customers who order in the midnight. Some firms build all their products to order while others build them to stock. Build to Order in an automotive context as a demand driven production approach where a product is scheduled and built in response to a confirmed order received for it from a final customer. The final customer refers to a known individual owner and excludes all orders by the original equipment manufacturer OEM, national sales companies [NSC], dealers or point of sales, bulk orders or other intermediaries in the supply chain. Hence, in the McDonalds' midnight service is most closed to these conditions.Given the widespread proliferation of products, there are a number of manufacturers taking a hybrid approach, where some items are built to stock and others are built to order. Hence, I think build these to models combine in the supply chain syst em will help get one sustainable demand and minimize unnecessary loss on costs. Build the direct supply system In MacDonald, there are many direct suppliers to provide the goods and materials that purchase from the indirect suppliers. It will lead the McDonald's costs goes high and the quality of the materials cannot ensure match the standard level. Hence, McDonald can setup the internal direct suppliers.Such as purchase the land to develop the agriculture on planting and farm. They can make the R;amp;D center to take responsible in this part. Go for this way will make McDonald can have one strong control on their materials' quality and also can decrease the lead time with the high costs in the supply chain process. By another way is it will immediate to react to the fluctuation in the marketing. The McDonald's Agricultural Assurance Programme (MAAP) is the tool use to assess the agricultural production standards employed in growing the farm products used in the menu. MAAP covers ou r core agricultural products; including beef, chicken, eggs, ilk, cheese, potatoes, wheat, lettuce, tomatoes and cucumber. The Flagship Farm project builds on our MAAP approach, by identifying some of the progressive farmers in our supply chain that exemplify good practice in their specific area, and are comfortable sharing those good practices. Use this tool to try and ensure the source more products from farms that work to higher standards. Build this direct supply system will contribute to McDonald to monitor and control the quality, safety and sustainability of the raw materials entering the supply chain. Build the decentralized structure By the reason of global integration that McDonalds' market is keeping expand.Build decentralized structure, and the variability of environmental issues across regions, there is no "one size fits all" approach. It will provide the breadth and scope of McDonald's supply chain operations at the same time. Compare with their curre nt business scale, the structure system especial for the supply chain part is more centralize. Hence, it will affect the working efficiency and increase the lead time. Hence, to build the decentralized structure in the supply chain system is necessarily. Firstly, they can build the supply chain information system to take responsible on collect the any feedbacks and intelligent information that stay in the supply chain.Secondly, build the network control system in different regions. Can immediate react on the problems taken in the supply chain. Thirdly, setup the communication center to ensure each hierarchy of supply chain can keep the communication just in time. Moreover, setup the transportation system and emergency center. If taken any problems on the supply chain allocate can change the original plan immediately. Finally, build the supervised network to make sure the safety and quality of the process and materials. Recommendation As far as we are concerned the manager should hav e a clear business philosophy. Supply chain is one very important part especially for the multinational company.The supply chain will decide what products or services of they can offered and which level of sales they can achieve. McDonalds is the famous brand in the fast food industry. Hence, the customers have the high expectation and demand on this brand. Hence, for the future McDonalds it is better to build the global supply chain network. McDonalds can use the advanced electronic tools such as the internet to make all the restaurants share the supply chain information. For different regions it can setup the department to take responsible to manage the problems taken in the supply chain. Normally, the McDonalds' products will have the fluctuation period from the promotion start to finish. And it also effect by the local market and economic environment.Hence, this department can control the market information at any time and do the logistic job to the point. Another way McDonald c an complete the direct suppliers' relation to take the direct controlling on them, less the outsourcing from the external suppliers. It will ensure the materials' quality and also will decrease some costs on transportation and materials' waste. Moreover we think MacDonald can ask the R;amp;D center to research and develop the supply chain, that take care on how to do the right forecast to minimize the fluctuation and how to improve the working effectively? We believe by McDonald's advanced management system they will have the good development on their supply chain in the future. ConclusionIn this report we are mainly talk about the McDonalds' supply chain system that also includes their management process, strategy and implementation work. From the analysis we find some problems on the supply chain work that McDonald needs to challenge. Hence, we try to provide some ideas to help McDonald to solve the related problems on the supply chain management work. Thus, under analysis supply chain part, we mainly describe how supply chain used with a business, and introduce strategy and process in McDonald's. We also have a graph to explain how McDonald's use supply chain and use the real case to analysis how McDonalds uses supply chain in Indian and the reason of why it get success in Indian.Therefore, the objective of this seminar is to make a profound qualitative and quantitative case analysis within the context of sustainable supply and demand chain management. Finally, we try to base on the analysis we have down at before and support some methods to solve them. And we also provide the recommendation for the supply chain management; we believe by McDonald's advanced management system they will have a sustainable development on the business, especially for the supply chain management. References Holweg, M. and Pil, F. (2001), ‘Successful Build-to-Order Strategies start with the Customer', MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall issue, Vol. 43, No. 1, p. 74-83 Holweg, M. and Pil, F. 2004), ‘The Second Century: Reconnecting Customer and Value Chain through Build-to-Order', Cambridge, MA and London, UK: The MIT Press. Parry, G. and Graves, A. , Eds. (2008), ‘Build to Order: The Road to the 5-Day Car', London: Springer Verlag. Beamon, B. M (1996), "Performance measures in supply chain management", Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Agile and Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, NY Christopher, M. (1994), Logistics and Supply Chain Management, New York, NY Johnson, J. B. , Randolph, S (1995), "Brief: making alliances work – using a computer-based management system to integrate the supply chain", Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 47 No. , pp. 512-13 Maskell, B. H. (1991), Performance Measurement for World Class Manufacturing, Productivity Press, Portland, OR Slack, N. (1991), The Manufacturing Advantage, Mercury Books, London McDonald's Corpo ration (2008). About McDonald's/McDonald's History (online). Available at: http://www. mcdonalds. com/corp/about. html. Retrieve April 28, 2008 McDonald's Corporation UK (2008). Eat Smart/What's On/Good News (online). Available at: http://www. mcdonalds. co. uk/ Retrieve April 28, 2008 Lee, Hau L. , and V. Padmanabhan. ;amp;quot;The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. ;amp;quot; Sloan Management Review 38, no. 3 (Spring 1997): 93-103.Docstoc;amp;quot;McDonalds-Company-Background-Products-Competitors-And-Positioning;amp;quot; (online) http://www. docstoc. com/docs/9481476/McDonalds-Company-Background-Products-Competitors-And-Positioning [accessed at 24 AUG 2010] About McDonalds (online) http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd [accessed at 25 AUG 2010] About McDonalds (online) Report ;amp;quot;sustainable_supply_chain;amp;quot; http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd/csr/report/sustainable_supply_chain. html [accessed at 25 AUG 2010] SCRIBD ;amp;quot;McDonalds-INDAIN-supply-chain;amp;quot; (onl ine) http://www. scribd. com/doc/21803927/McDonalds-INDAIN-supply-chain [accessed at 23 AUG 2010] Essays Professors samples business

Roles & Responsibilities in Lifelong Learning

The roles and responsibilities of a teacher within in the lifelong learning sector have been shaped and developed by a range of factors. From cultural changes, greater understanding of learning styles and the laws which govern the education community as a whole. In this essay I will cover some of roles and responsibilities of a teacher and the relationships between teachers and the the various stakeholders in the LLS. I hope to illustrate the complex network of relationships between the individual and the professional bodies in this sector.Teach tiË tÊÆ'/Verb 1. impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something. The definition above doesn’t take into account the context of the information transaction itself. Teachers today are governed by a series of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice which together underpin the professional boundaries which educators should operate within. The broad range of a teacher’s responsibilities begi ns with basic tasks such as recording attendance or complying with disciplinary procedures to understanding the complex needs of their learners.Every teacher is responsible for the health, safety and welfare of the learners in the classroom. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the legislation which underpins a teacher's duty of care to their students. Beyond the physical safety of a learner a teacher must also ensure they meet professional standards and observe the rules and guidance of awarding bodies. Equality & diversity in teaching is provided for by the Equality Act 2010 which covers nine protected characteristics.It is the responsibility of the teacher to promote and uphold the principles of fairness and inclusivity in the classroom. Disability is one of these protected characteristics; a teacher is required to make reasonable adjustments for learners with disabilities based on the impairment. e. g a reader for a blind learner or written materials for a deaf learner. Fur thermore where this is not practical or unavailable a teacher should locate additional support.My experience within the lifelong learning sector is very limited however I have adopted the role of a teacher whilst working in the youth employment sector – I coordinate the local authorities’ apprenticeship programme – and part of the role has required me to run sessions for young people searching for employment. I would facilitate workshops at the Jobcentre Plus – It was my role to arrange for a suitable learning environment and select an appropriate venue, and ensure handouts and resources are available for all participants.In my experience working within recruitment for a local authority the principles of equality and inclusivity are built into our processes ensuring all stakeholders are free from discrimination and exclusion. I would adapt my approach in the workshops by broadening the case studies used to reflect the cultural profile of the workshop part icipants. It is hugely important to detect and cater for differing learner needs. Dunn and Dunn, 1993 say matching teaching technique with learning styles significantly improves learning outcomes.The process of identifying learning styles and modifying of teaching techniques is known as differentiation. ‘Differentiation is†¦.. the process of identifying, with each learner, the most effective strategies for achieving agreed targets’. 1 (Weston 1992) The JCP sessions are stand-alone and in this context I am unable to understand prior to the session the individual learner needs. It was my responsibility to carefully plan the content of the workshop and the activities it contained to suit a variety of learner needs.To improve the sessions I could include powerpoint presentations, discuss the programme and set-up role play activities to cover the visual, audio & kinaesthetic learning styles. (VAK) To improve the JCP group’s engagement I would usually arrange for an existing apprentice to join the workshop to offer an insider perspective and act as a live case study which the young people can identify with. The apprentice can relate to the group with and this proves the most productive part of the session and is intended to elicit deep learning.‘Deep learning is fundamentally concerned with the creation of knowledge, which the learner is able to relate to their own experience and use to understand new experiences and contexts. ’ John West Bernhams,Understand Learning – Page 8 (Article) This inclusive approach is shown to improve motivation, and has always improved the value of the workshop and enhanced the session. There are many types of teaching role each with their own characteristics. From specialised teachers which tend to have particular knowledge and skill to trainers who use techniques to deliver information for a particular task.In the future I hope to adopt a different role; I plan to act as a mentor to an appre ntice. My role will be to provide guidance and support to an individual based on their needs. Mentoring is a 1-2-1 relationship which can mean I will either challenge or champion the mentee depending on the situation. In acting as a mentor I must observe my employers procedures and policies which may affect the frequency of the session or the protocols I should follow if difficulties arise. As I mentioned in the introduction a teacher is not just the conduit for learning – They are almost always part of a larger organisation.It was the responsibility of the teacher to adopt and implement their organisation's policies. A class teacher forms part of a chain and will report to year leaders a eadteacher, Governing body, local authority to the Department of Education. The Department of Education is the governing body responsible for the oversight of education in England. Teachers and the organisations they work within must meet professional standards. The Office for Standards in E ducation, Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted) is the non-ministerial government department which reports directly to parliament.Its remit is to inspect and regulate education and training for learners of all ages and for inspecting and regulating those services which care for children and young people. From performance to safeguarding, as a teacher it would be my responsibility to be scrutinised by Ofsted and ensure my activities meet the agreed standards. Like most professional fields there are boundaries which must be observed by teachers. These can range from the syllabus, timescales, resources, awarding bodies to government policies. Each of these factors may have layers of external contributing factors which influence them in turn.Ofqual, who regulate qualifications, examinations and assessments in England (http://ofqual. gov. uk), came to prominence last summer over GCSE re-grading decisions. Although it did not directly impact on teachers it illustrates the interaction be tween two stakeholders in the sector. An awarding body will have clear codes of practice which must be adhered to, in order tallow for accurate quality assurance and standardisation on results. It is important for teachers to understand where professional boundaries lie.For example in some cases where an individual learners needs requires the assistance of expert help it must be sought. Attempting to support the learner without seeking expert advice may have a negative effect on the individual as well as others. Often a teacher’s role is to signpost learners to the best resources. In a school context this may mean directing someone to a more specialised teacher in the organisation or an external support like a Local Authority service. Keeping abreast of the support available is an important part of navigating these boundaries.Joining a professional association such as the Institute for Learning or researching best practice using the Excellence Gateway are recommended ways to keep up good practice polished and fresh. The government publish Teacher Standards. These standards set the minimum requirements for teachers’ practice and conduct. They are devised by educators and are in part there to ensure positive learning environment is sustained. It is particularly important in the lifelong learning sector to foster a supportive and safe learning environment.For instance adult students may have had a negative experience of education so it is essential that from day one ground rules are agreed upon and the teacher plans activities that will allow students to build relationships. â€Å"without ground rules, disruption may occur and affect the learning of your group† Gravels. A, (PTLLS 2008 pg 7) An effective way of promoting consensus in ground rules and compliance is giving the learners the opportunity to devise the rulebook themselves. In this model a teacher’s role is to facilitate the decision-making process and respect the outcome.By c ontributing as a group they each take ownership of their individual responsibility to follow the rules. In handing over this decision-making process the teacher will begin to build a trusting relationship with the learners are more likely to follow the rules they have devised over rules they are forced to adopt The techniques and activities used by a teacher can help to build respect and promote appropriate behaviour in class. The use of pair work, and small group activities can help to forge relationships and engender respect amongst the learners.A great ice breaker activity which includes the entire group can be an effective way to begin this process. A teacher would set the task and ensure everyone is included. I’ve talked about some examples of the roles and responsibilities of teachers with the lifelong learning sector, but in reality these are limited to what I’ve described. Beyond the walls of the classroom there are a multitude of organisations, professional bo dies and resources which exist to develop and support Teachers. Each of them play a role in providing the appropriate checks and balances needed to ensure a healthy, evolving sector. Roles & Responsibilities in Lifelong Learning The roles and responsibilities of a teacher within in the lifelong learning sector have been shaped and developed by a range of factors. From cultural changes, greater understanding of learning styles and the laws which govern the education community as a whole. In this essay I will cover some of roles and responsibilities of a teacher and the relationships between teachers and the the various stakeholders in the LLS. I hope to illustrate the complex network of relationships between the individual and the professional bodies in this sector.Teach tiË tÊÆ'/ Verb 1. impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something.The definition above doesn’t take into account the context of the information transaction itself. Teachers today are governed by a series of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice which together underpin the professional boundaries which educators should operate within.The broad range of a teacher’s responsibilities begin s with basic tasks such as recording attendance or complying with disciplinary procedures to understanding the complex needs of their learners. Every teacher is responsible for the health, safety and welfare of the learners in the classroom. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the legislation which underpins a teacher's duty of care to their students. Beyond the physical safety of a learner a teacher must also ensure they meet professional standards and observe the rules and guidance of awarding bodies.Equality & diversity in teaching is provided for by the Equality Act 2010 which covers nine protected characteristics. It is the responsibility of the teacher to promote and uphold the principles of fairness and inclusivity in the classroom. Disability is one of these protected characteristics; a teacher is required to make reasonable adjustments for learners with disabilities based on the impairment. e.g a reader for a blind learner or written materials for a deaf learner. Furt hermore where this is not practical or unavailable a teacher should locate additional support.My experience within the lifelong learning sector is very limited however I have adopted the role of a teacher whilst working in the youth employment sector – I coordinate the local authorities’ apprenticeship programme – and part of the role has required me to run sessions for young people searching for employment. I would facilitate workshops at the Jobcentre Plus – It was my role to arrange for a suitable learning environment and select an appropriate venue, and ensure handouts and resources are available for all participants.In my experience working within recruitment for a local authority the principles of equality and inclusivity are built into our processes ensuring all stakeholders are free from discrimination and exclusion. I would adapt my approach in the workshops by broadening the case studies used to reflect the cultural profile of the workshop parti cipants.It is hugely important to detect and cater for differing learner needs. Dunn and Dunn, 1993 say matching teaching technique with learning styles significantly improves learning outcomes. The process of identifying learning styles and modifying of teaching techniques is known as differentiation.‘Differentiation is†¦.. the process of identifying, with each learner, the most effective strategies for achieving agreed targets’.1 (Weston 1992)The JCP sessions are stand-alone and in this context I am unable to understand prior to the session the individual learner needs. It was my responsibility to carefully plan the content of the workshop and the activities it contained to suit a variety of learner needs. To improve the sessions I could include powerpoint presentations, discuss the programme and set-up role play activities to cover the visual, audio & kinaesthetic learning styles. (VAK)To improve the JCP group’s engagement I would usually arrange for an e xisting apprentice to join the workshop to offer an insider perspective and act as a live case study which the young people can identify with. The apprentice can relate to the group with and this proves the most productive part of the session and is intended to elicit deep learning.‘Deep learning is fundamentally concerned with the creation of knowledge, which the learner is able to relate to their own experience and use to understand new experiences and contexts.’John West Bernhams,Understand Learning – Page 8 (Article)This inclusive approach is shown to improve motivation, and has always improved the value of the workshop and enhanced the session.There are many types of teaching role each with their own characteristics. From specialised teachers which tend to have particular knowledge and skill to trainers who use techniques to deliver information for a particular task. In the future I hope to adopt a different role; I plan to act as a mentor to an apprentice. My role will be to provide guidance and support to an individual based on their needs. Mentoring is a 1-2-1 relationship which can mean I will either challenge or champion the mentee depending on the situation. In acting as a mentor I must observe my employers procedures and policies which may affect the frequency of the session or the protocols I should follow if difficulties arise.As I mentioned in the introduction a teacher is not just the conduit for learning – They are almost always part of a larger organisation. It was the responsibility of the teacher to adopt and implement their organisation's policies. A class teacher forms part of a chain and will report to year leaders a eadteacher, Governing body, local authority to the Department of Education. The Department of Education is the governing body responsible for the oversight of education in England.Teachers and the organisations they work within must meet professional standards. The Office for Standards in Education , Children's Services and Skills (Ofsted) is the non-ministerial government department which reports directly to parliament. Its remit is to inspect and regulate education and training for learners of all ages and for inspecting and regulating those services which care for children and young people. From performance to safeguarding, as a teacher it would be my responsibility to be scrutinised by Ofsted and ensure my activities meet the agreed standards.Like most professional fields there are boundaries which must be observed by teachers. These can range from the syllabus, timescales, resources, awarding bodies to government policies. Each of these factors may have layers of external contributing factors which influence them in turn. Ofqual, who regulate qualifications, examinations and assessments in England (http://ofqual.gov.uk), came to prominence last summer over GCSE re-grading decisions. Although it did not directly impact on teachers it illustrates the interaction between two stakeholders in the sector. An awarding body will have clear codes of practice which must be adhered to, in order tallow for accurate quality assurance and standardisation on results.It is important for teachers to understand where professional boundaries lie. For example in some cases where an individual learners needs requires the assistance of expert help it must be sought. Attempting to support the learner without seeking expert advice may have a negative effect on the individual as well as others. Often a teacher’s role is to signpost learners to the best resources. In a school context this may mean directing someone to a more specialised teacher in the organisation or an external support like a Local Authority service.Keeping abreast of the support available is an important part of navigating these boundaries. Joining a professional association such as the Institute for Learning or researching best practice using the Excellence Gateway are recommended ways to keep up g ood practice polished and fresh. The government publish Teacher Standards. These standards set the minimum requirements for teachers’ practice and conduct. They are devised by educators and are in part there to ensure positive learning environment is sustained.It is particularly important in the lifelong learning sector to foster a supportive and safe learning environment. For instance adult students may have had a negative experience of education so it is essential that from day one ground rules are agreed upon and the teacher plans activities that will allow students to build relationships. â€Å"without ground rules, disruption may occur and affect the learning of your group† Gravels. A, (PTLLS 2008 pg 7)An effective way of promoting consensus in ground rules and compliance is giving the learners the opportunity to devise the rulebook themselves. In this model a teacher’s role is to facilitate the decision-making process and respect the outcome. By contributi ng as a group they each take ownership of their individual responsibility to follow the rules. In handing over this decision-making process the teacher will begin to build a trusting relationship with the learners are more likely to follow the rules they have devised over rules they are forced to adoptThe techniques and activities used by a teacher can help to build respect and promote appropriate behaviour in class. The use of pair work, and small group activities can help to forge relationships and engender respect amongst the learners. A great ice breaker activity which includes the entire group can be an effective way to begin this process. A teacher would set the task and ensure everyone is included.I’ve talked about some examples of the roles and responsibilities of teachers with the lifelong learning sector, but in reality these are limited to what I’ve described. Beyond the walls of the classroom there are a multitude of organisations, professional bodies and r esources which exist to develop and support Teachers. Each of them play a role in providing the appropriate checks and balances needed to ensure a healthy, evolving sector.